Gendered violence and acid attacks in Pakistan: Insights from existing

Zofishan Amjad

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nature, scope, and key issues surrounding acid attack violence, both in a global context and within Pakistan. Acid attacks are a particularly heinous form of gender-based violence that not only inflict severe physical harm but also have long-lasting psychological, social, and economic consequences for survivors. This paper is based on a desk review of secondary data, including academic articles, reports from international organizations, and local studies, which collectively shed light on the patterns, causes, and responses to such violence. Globally, acid attacks have been recognized as a serious human rights violation, prompting many countries to ratify international conventions and adopt legislation aimed at preventing such crimes and supporting victims. However, despite the existence of these legal frameworks, enforcement remains a major challenge, and the gap between policy and practice continues to undermine efforts to curb acid violence. In Pakistan, acid attacks have emerged as a pressing social issue, particularly affecting women and marginalized groups, with societal attitudes and structural inequalities often exacerbating the problem. Research indicates that legal measures alone are insufficient; there is a critical need to address the cultural, social, and economic factors that perpetuate such violence. Changing societal mindsets, enhancing awareness, and strengthening legal and institutional mechanisms are essential steps to reduce the incidence of acid attacks and provide effective justice and rehabilitation for survivors. Overall, this paper highlights that combating acid violence requires a multidimensional approach, combining legal reform, social change, and victim support to create safer and more equitable communities.